{"id":571017,"date":"2026-07-27T15:12:46","date_gmt":"2026-07-27T08:12:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/?p=571017"},"modified":"2026-07-27T15:12:46","modified_gmt":"2026-07-27T08:12:46","slug":"khuc-xa-anh-sang-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (g\u00e3y kh\u00fac) khi truy\u1ec1n xi\u00ean g\u00f3c qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0169a c\u1eafm trong c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y, hay \u0111\u00e1y b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i tr\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t. Trong n\u1ed9i dung d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u2081\u00b7sin i = n\u2082\u00b7sin r, c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay v\u00e0o b\u00e0i t\u1eadp V\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng khi truy\u1ec1n xi\u00ean g\u00f3c qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t c\u00f3 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc). Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed7i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, khi\u1ebfn tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb &#8220;g\u00e3y&#8221; t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu tia s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch (g\u00f3c t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng 0) th\u00ec \u0111i th\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-571034\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-1.jpg\" alt=\"khuc-xa-anh-sang-1\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tia t\u1edbi:<\/strong> tia s\u00e1ng \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1:<\/strong> tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng sau khi qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn:<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>G\u00f3c t\u1edbi (i):<\/strong> g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa tia t\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>G\u00f3c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 (r):<\/strong> g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-571035\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-2.jpg\" alt=\"khuc-xa-anh-sang-2\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-2-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Snell) g\u1ed3m hai n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 n\u1eb1m trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi (m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee9a tia t\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn) v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn so v\u1edbi tia t\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa sin g\u00f3c t\u1edbi v\u00e0 sin g\u00f3c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n qua c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: <strong>n\u2081 \u00b7 sin i = n\u2082 \u00b7 sin r<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong b\u1ea3ng sau:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0110\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/th>\n<th>\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>n\u2081<\/td>\n<td>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a tia t\u1edbi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>n\u2082<\/td>\n<td>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>i<\/td>\n<td>G\u00f3c t\u1edbi (g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa tia t\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>r<\/td>\n<td>G\u00f3c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 (g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebft quang k\u00e9m sang chi\u1ebft quang h\u01a1n (nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc), g\u00f3c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n g\u00f3c t\u1edbi, tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb &#8220;g\u00e3y&#8221; v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda g\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebft quang h\u01a1n sang k\u00e9m th\u00ec tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 l\u1ec7ch xa ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<h2>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n<p>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch tia s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (n):<\/strong> chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng n = c\/v, trong \u0111\u00f3 c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, v l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v lu\u00f4n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c n\u00ean chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u00f4n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i (n\u2082\u2081):<\/strong> chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng 2 so v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng 1, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng n\u2082\u2081 = n\u2082\/n\u2081 = sin i \/ sin r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th>\n<th>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \/ kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed<\/td>\n<td>1 (kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u2248 1,0003)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td>\n<td>Kho\u1ea3ng 1,33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Th\u1ee7y tinh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td>\n<td>Kho\u1ea3ng 1,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/td>\n<td>Kho\u1ea3ng 2,42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch tia s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh h\u01a1n th\u1ee7y tinh.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-571036\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-3.jpg\" alt=\"khuc-xa-anh-sang-3\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-3-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-3-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n<p>Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u0111i qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebft quang h\u01a1n sang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebft quang k\u00e9m h\u01a1n (n\u2081 &gt; n\u2082).<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f3c t\u1edbi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n i_gh, v\u1edbi sin i_gh = n\u2082\/n\u2081.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/strong> T\u00ednh g\u00f3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc (n\u2081 = 1,33) ra kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (n\u2082 = 1). Ta c\u00f3 sin i_gh = n\u2082\/n\u2081 = 1\/1,33 \u2248 0,752, suy ra i_gh \u2248 48,8\u00b0. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu tia s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi g\u00f3c t\u1edbi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 48,8\u00b0 th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1p quang truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u internet.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quen thu\u1ed9c quanh ta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0169a ho\u1eb7c b\u00fat ch\u00ec c\u1eafm nghi\u00eang trong c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e1y h\u1ed3, \u0111\u00e1y b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i tr\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao h\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1eadt, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1eadp b\u1eaft c\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t.<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, k\u00ednh l\u00fap, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t cong.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh qua c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t cong, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/thau-kinh-hoi-tu-la-gi\/\">th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-571037\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-4.jpg\" alt=\"khuc-xa-anh-sang-4\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-4-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/khuc-xa-anh-sang-4-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/h2>\n<p>Hai hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. <strong>Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/strong> l\u00e0 tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb h\u1eaft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 khi g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch (nh\u01b0 soi g\u01b0\u01a1ng), c\u00f2n <strong>kh\u00fac x\u1ea1<\/strong> l\u00e0 tia s\u00e1ng \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/guong-cau-loi-la-gi\/\">g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7u l\u1ed3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/a>, c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00e0u th\u00ec xem <a href=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/quang-pho-la-gi\/\">quang ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>B\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 1:<\/strong> Tia s\u00e1ng \u0111i t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00f3c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 so v\u1edbi g\u00f3c t\u1edbi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? <em>L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/em> nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n g\u00f3c t\u1edbi, v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebft quang h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00ean tia l\u1ec7ch g\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 2:<\/strong> Tia s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (n\u2081 = 1) v\u00e0o th\u1ee7y tinh (n\u2082 = 1,5) v\u1edbi g\u00f3c t\u1edbi i = 30\u00b0. T\u00ednh g\u00f3c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 r. <em>L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/em> \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng n\u2081\u00b7sin i = n\u2082\u00b7sin r \u2192 sin r = (1 \u00d7 sin 30\u00b0)\/1,5 = 0,5\/1,5 \u2248 0,333 \u2192 r \u2248 19,5\u00b0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 3:<\/strong> \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch (g\u00f3c t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng 0) th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng? <em>L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/em> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng, tia s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1eb3ng (d\u00f9 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eabn thay \u0111\u1ed5i).<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 4 (tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m):<\/strong> Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 bao nhi\u00eau? A. 1,0 B. 1,33 C. 1,5 D. 2,42. <em>\u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n:<\/em> B.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/h2>\n<h3>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n<p>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khi truy\u1ec1n xi\u00ean g\u00f3c qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch hai m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t c\u00f3 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n<p>Tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 n\u1eb1m trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi, \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn so v\u1edbi tia t\u1edbi v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u2081\u00b7sin i = n\u2082\u00b7sin r.<\/p>\n<h3>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c nhau ra sao?<\/h3>\n<p>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n = c\/v l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng (lu\u00f4n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1), c\u00f2n chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u2082\u2081 = n\u2082\/n\u2081 = sin i\/sin r l\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kia.<\/p>\n<h3>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/h3>\n<p>Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1,33.<\/p>\n<h3>Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n<p>Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebft quang h\u01a1n sang chi\u1ebft quang k\u00e9m v\u00e0 g\u00f3c t\u1edbi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n i_gh v\u1edbi sin i_gh = n\u2082\/n\u2081.<\/p>\n<h3>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n<p>Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb h\u1eaft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169; kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, <strong>kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng khi qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch hai m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t, tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u2081\u00b7sin i = n\u2082\u00b7sin r<\/strong>. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0169a &#8220;g\u00e3y&#8221; trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng hay c\u00e1ch c\u00e1p quang truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. Hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u00e0i t\u1eadp V\u1eadt l\u00fd.<br \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khi truy\u1ec1n xi\u00ean g\u00f3c qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch hai m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t c\u00f3 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Tia kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 n\u1eb1m trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi, \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ebfn so v\u1edbi tia t\u1edbi v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n1\u00b7sin i = n2\u00b7sin r.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c nhau ra sao?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n = c\/v l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1, c\u00f2n chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i n21 = n2\/n1 = sin i\/sin r l\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kia.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1,33.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u00e0o?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebft quang h\u01a1n sang chi\u1ebft quang k\u00e9m v\u00e0 g\u00f3c t\u1edbi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n i_gh v\u1edbi sin i_gh = n2\/n1.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb h\u1eaft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169; kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi.\"}}]}\n<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (g\u00e3y kh\u00fac) khi truy\u1ec1n xi\u00ean g\u00f3c qua m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0169a c\u1eafm trong c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y, hay \u0111\u00e1y b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i tr\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Hi\u1ec7n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":102,"featured_media":571041,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 n1\u00b7sin i = n2\u00b7sin r, chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft.","footnotes":""},"categories":[3910,30453],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-571017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kham-pha","category-kien-thuc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 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