{"id":569738,"date":"2026-07-27T09:42:01","date_gmt":"2026-07-27T02:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/?p=569738"},"modified":"2026-07-27T09:42:01","modified_gmt":"2026-07-27T02:42:01","slug":"lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p electron v\u1edbi nhau.<\/strong> Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion (cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn electron), li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng chung electron, th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed phi kim. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 10. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 g\u00ec, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<h2>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung. Khi g\u00f3p chung electron, m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed hi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t (quy t\u1eafc octet \u2013 8 electron l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng, ri\u00eang hi\u0111ro l\u00e0 2 electron). Li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed phi kim c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 &#8220;gi\u1eadt&#8221; h\u1eb3n electron c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kia nh\u01b0 trong li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n (m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p electron chung, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 H\u2013H), li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i (hai c\u1eb7p electron chung, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 O=O) v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba (ba c\u1eb7p electron chung, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 N\u2261N). Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p electron chung th\u00ec c\u00e0ng b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-569741\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-1.jpg\" alt=\"lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-1\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\n<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung electron \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. X\u00e9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hi\u0111ro (H\u2082): m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H c\u00f3 1 electron. Hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H g\u00f3p chung m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p electron, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n; nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 2 electron gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a heli. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c electron vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 H:H, c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 H\u2013H.<\/p>\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed clo (Cl\u2082), m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed clo c\u00f3 7 electron l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng n\u00ean g\u00f3p chung m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p electron \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t 8 electron (c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed hi\u1ebfm argon). Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nit\u01a1 (N\u2082), m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed N g\u00f3p chung ba c\u1eb7p electron t\u1ea1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba N\u2261N r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 tr\u01a1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\n<p>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung (li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed), li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c:<\/strong> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nhau ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung n\u1eb1m ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: H\u2082, Cl\u2082, O\u2082, N\u2082.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c (ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c):<\/strong> h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: HCl, H\u2082O.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 <strong>li\u00ean k\u1ebft cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn (li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed)<\/strong>: l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ion amoni NH\u2084\u207a hay ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed SO\u2082.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u0394\u03c7) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u0394\u03c7)<\/th>\n<th>Lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>0 \u2264 \u0394\u03c7 &lt; 0,4<\/td>\n<td>C\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0,4 \u2264 \u0394\u03c7 &lt; 1,7<\/td>\n<td>C\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0394\u03c7 \u2265 1,7<\/td>\n<td>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-569740\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-4.jpg\" alt=\"lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-4\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-4-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-4-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn, l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 r\u1eafn, n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 l\u1ecfng, kh\u00ed cacbonic l\u00e0 kh\u00ed).<\/li>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ion, do l\u1ef1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c h\u00fat t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n trong tinh th\u1ec3 ion.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng tan trong dung m\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c (nh\u01b0 benzen); ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng tan trong dung m\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-569743\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-3.jpg\" alt=\"lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-3\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-3-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-3-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>So s\u00e1nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion<\/h2>\n<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t. B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 ghi nh\u1edb:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed<\/th>\n<th>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb<\/th>\n<th>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<td>G\u00f3p chung electron<\/td>\n<td>Cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn electron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa<\/td>\n<td>Phi kim v\u1edbi phi kim<\/td>\n<td>Kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi phi kim \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td>\u0394\u03c7 &lt; 1,7<\/td>\n<td>\u0394\u03c7 \u2265 1,7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/td>\n<td>H\u2082, HCl, H\u2082O<\/td>\n<td>NaCl, MgO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, s\u00f4i<\/td>\n<td>Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<td>Th\u01b0\u1eddng cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td>Th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td>D\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n khi n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c khi tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>B\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i<\/h2>\n<p>V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 10:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 1:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed H\u2082 c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft g\u00ec? <em>L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/em> Hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nhau (\u0394\u03c7 = 0), c\u1eb7p electron chung n\u1eb1m ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa. V\u1eady H\u2082 c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 2:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed HCl c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft g\u00ec? <em>L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/em> Clo c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u2248 3,16) l\u1edbn h\u01a1n hi\u0111ro (\u2248 2,20), \u0394\u03c7 \u2248 0,96 (n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 0,4 \u2013 1,7) n\u00ean c\u1eb7p electron chung b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda clo. V\u1eady HCl c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 3:<\/strong> So s\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong NaCl v\u00e0 H\u2082O. <em>L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/em> Na l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, Cl l\u00e0 phi kim \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, \u0394\u03c7 \u2248 2,2 \u2265 1,7 n\u00ean NaCl l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion (cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn electron). Trong H\u2082O, O v\u00e0 H \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 phi kim, \u0394\u03c7 \u2248 1,24 n\u00ean H\u2082O c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c (g\u00f3p chung electron).<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e0i 4 (tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m):<\/strong> Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb? A. NaCl B. MgO C. H\u2082O D. CaCl\u2082. <em>\u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n:<\/em> C. H\u2082O, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi hai phi kim; c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ion t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phi kim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-569742\" src=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-2.jpg\" alt=\"lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-2\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/lien-ket-cong-hoa-tri-2-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n<h3>C\u00f3 m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb?<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eb7p electron chung ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p.<\/p>\n<h3>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed phi kim c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa hi\u0111ro, cacbon, nit\u01a1, oxi, c\u00e1c halogen v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u2082O c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c, v\u00ec oxi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n hi\u0111ro n\u00ean c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxi.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u00e0m sao ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c?<\/h3>\n<p>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u0394\u03c7) gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu \u0394\u03c7 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,4 th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c; n\u1ebfu \u0394\u03c7 t\u1eeb 0,4 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi 1,7 th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<h3>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c g\u00f3p chung electron gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phi kim, c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn electron gi\u1eefa kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 phi kim \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh khi hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn (\u0394\u03c7 \u2265 1,7).<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00ec sao h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n?<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00ec trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ion hay electron t\u1ef1 do di chuy\u1ec3n; c\u00e1c electron \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb trong li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<br \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"C\u00f3 m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eb7p electron chung ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed phi kim c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa hi\u0111ro, cacbon, nit\u01a1, oxi, c\u00e1c halogen v\u1edbi nhau.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft g\u00ec?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u2082O c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c, v\u00ec oxi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n hi\u0111ro n\u00ean c\u1eb7p electron d\u00f9ng chung b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxi.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"L\u00e0m sao ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u0394\u03c7) gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu \u0394\u03c7 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,4 th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c; n\u1ebfu \u0394\u03c7 t\u1eeb 0,4 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi 1,7 th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c g\u00f3p chung electron gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phi kim, c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn electron gi\u1eefa kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 phi kim \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh khi hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn (\u0394\u03c7 \u2265 1,7).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"V\u00ec sao h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"V\u00ec trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ion hay electron t\u1ef1 do di chuy\u1ec3n; c\u00e1c electron \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb trong li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.\"}}]}<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, <strong>li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p electron, g\u1ed3m lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c<\/strong>. N\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t g\u00f3p chung electron, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 10. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc th\u00eam, m\u1eddi b\u1ea1n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i 1 kg b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau gam, 1 l\u00edt b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau ml v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau km tr\u00ean chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c tin t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 Mobile.<\/p>\n<p>Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/dong-nang-la-gi\/\">\u0110\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c W\u0111 = \u00bdmv\u00b2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/nong-do-mol-la-gi\/\">N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 mol l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c CM = n\/V v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p electron v\u1edbi nhau. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion (cho \u2013 nh\u1eadn electron), li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng chung electron, th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed phi kim. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":102,"featured_media":569744,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c, so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i. 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