{"id":568917,"date":"2026-07-27T09:24:44","date_gmt":"2026-07-27T02:24:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/?p=568917"},"modified":"2026-07-27T09:24:44","modified_gmt":"2026-07-27T02:24:44","slug":"ho-hap-te-bao-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/ho-hap-te-bao-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gluc\u00f4z\u01a1) th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed cacbonic v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ATP \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Sinh h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 10, l\u1edbp 11. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u <\/span>h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/b>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, s\u1ed1 ATP t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h2>\n

H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a (ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i) c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gluc\u00f4z\u01a1, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ATP \u2013 “\u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong ti th\u1ec3 (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a \u2013 kh\u1eed. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra qua nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, gi\u00fap t\u1ebf b\u00e0o thu h\u1ed3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"ho-hap-te-bao-la-gi-1\"<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/b><\/h2>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 + 6O\u2082 \u2192 6CO\u2082 + 6H\u2082O + n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ATP + nhi\u1ec7t)<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi oxi, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed cacbonic, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ATP v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t. Ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0ng gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/b><\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o di\u1ec5n ra theo m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 ri\u00eang trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch t\u1ebf b\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/b><\/td>\nN\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra<\/b><\/td>\nK\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n<\/span><\/td>\nT\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/td>\nPh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 th\u00e0nh 2 axit piruvic, t\u1ea1o \u00edt ATP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chu tr\u00ecnh Crep<\/span><\/td>\nCh\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n ti th\u1ec3<\/span><\/td>\nPh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp axit piruvic, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng CO\u2082<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chu\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n electron<\/span><\/td>\nM\u00e0ng trong ti th\u1ec3<\/span><\/td>\nT\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ATP, t\u1ea1o H\u2082O<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n oxi. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 (6 cacbon) b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh 2 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed axit piruvic (3 cacbon). K\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 ATP (theo c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c) v\u00e0 2 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed NADH mang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: Chu tr\u00ecnh Crep<\/b><\/h3>\n

Khi c\u00f3 oxi, axit piruvic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n ti th\u1ec3, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh axetyl-CoA r\u1ed3i \u0111i v\u00e0o chu tr\u00ecnh Crep. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cacbon ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb oxi h\u00f3a, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng CO\u2082 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed mang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NADH, FADH\u2082 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf ATP.<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: Chu\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n electron<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ATP. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed NADH v\u00e0 FADH\u2082 nh\u01b0\u1eddng electron cho chu\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n electron n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u00e0ng trong ti th\u1ec3. Electron \u0111i qua chu\u1ed7i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi oxi c\u00f9ng ion H\u207a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ATP.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra bao nhi\u00eau ATP?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Khi ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 36 \u2013 38 ATP. B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ed1 ATP t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n theo c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/b><\/td>\nS\u1ed1 ATP (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n<\/span><\/td>\n2 ATP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chu tr\u00ecnh Crep (g\u1ed3m b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o axetyl-CoA)<\/span><\/td>\n2 ATP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chu\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n electron<\/span><\/td>\nkho\u1ea3ng 32 \u2013 34 ATP<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng<\/b><\/td>\nkho\u1ea3ng 36 \u2013 38 ATP<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u00ednh ATP<\/b><\/h3>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n 3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed th\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a bao nhi\u00eau ATP?<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: M\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed1i \u0111a kho\u1ea3ng 38 ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: V\u1edbi 3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gluc\u00f4z\u01a1, s\u1ed1 ATP = 3 \u00d7 38.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: 3 \u00d7 38 = 114 ATP.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    V\u1eady t\u1ebf b\u00e0o thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a kho\u1ea3ng 114 ATP. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo m\u1ee9c 36 ATP m\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 3 \u00d7 36 = 108 ATP.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ti th\u1ec3 trong h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/b><\/h2>\n

    Ti th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 “nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n” c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed3m chu tr\u00ecnh Crep v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n electron, t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ATP.<\/span><\/p>\n

    M\u00e0ng trong c\u1ee7a ti th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ea5p n\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00e0o ti th\u1ec3, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ATP di\u1ec5n ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"ho-hap-te-bao-la-gi-2\"<\/p>\n

    Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p k\u1ecb kh\u00ed<\/b><\/h2>\n

    T\u00f9y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 oxi, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 theo hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed<\/b><\/td>\nH\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed<\/b><\/td>\nH\u00f4 h\u1ea5p k\u1ecb kh\u00ed (l\u00ean men)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Nhu c\u1ea7u oxi<\/span><\/td>\nC\u1ea7n oxi<\/span><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n oxi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    N\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra<\/span><\/td>\nT\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti th\u1ec3<\/span><\/td>\nT\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i<\/span><\/td>\nCO\u2082 v\u00e0 H\u2082O<\/span><\/td>\nAxit lactic ho\u1eb7c r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u00eatylic v\u00e0 CO\u2082<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u (kho\u1ea3ng 36 \u2013 38 ATP)<\/span><\/td>\n\u00cdt (ch\u1ec9 2 ATP)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ecb kh\u00ed, v\u00ec gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxi h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh CO\u2082 v\u00e0 H\u2082O.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 quang h\u1ee3p<\/b><\/h2>\n

    H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • L\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng O\u2082, t\u1ea1o ra CO\u2082 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ecdi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Quang h\u1ee3p:<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • L\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 CO\u2082, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng O\u2082 v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a di\u1ec7p l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh:<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Quang h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          D\u00f9 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau, hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a quang h\u1ee3p (ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 O\u2082) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p (CO\u2082 v\u00e0 H\u2082O) l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho quang h\u1ee3p.<\/span><\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/b><\/h2>\n

          C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3:<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9: trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00e0m h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u0103ng do c\u00e1c enzim ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 oxi: oxi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, thi\u1ebfu oxi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00ean men k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc: n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3m.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 CO\u2082: CO\u2082 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/b><\/h2>\n

            H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ATP cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u01b0: t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n xung th\u1ea7n kinh, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t qua m\u00e0ng,…<\/span><\/p>\n

            B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trung gian c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \"ho-hap-te-bao-la-gi-3\"<\/p>\n

            C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o<\/b><\/h2>\n

            H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n

            L\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ATP cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

            H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/b><\/h3>\n

            Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ti th\u1ec3; ri\u00eang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n

            C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 c\u1ed9ng 6O\u2082 t\u1ea1o ra 6CO\u2082, 6H\u2082O v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ATP c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

            H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed3m m\u1ea5y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n?<\/b><\/h3>\n

            Ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n, chu tr\u00ecnh Crep v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n electron.<\/span><\/p>\n

            H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra bao nhi\u00eau ATP?<\/b><\/h3>\n

            Ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gluc\u00f4z\u01a1 theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng 36 \u0111\u1ebfn 38 ATP.<\/span><\/p>\n

            H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c quang h\u1ee3p th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/b><\/h3>\n

            H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; quang h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n