{"id":393028,"date":"2024-09-29T10:50:56","date_gmt":"2024-09-29T03:50:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/?p=393028"},"modified":"2024-09-30T10:51:46","modified_gmt":"2024-09-30T03:51:46","slug":"kien-truc-may-tinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hoanghamobile.com\/tin-tuc\/kien-truc-may-tinh\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/strong> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1eeb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 KTMT, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh (Computer Organization) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m (CPU), b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp\/xu\u1ea5t (I\/O) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bus. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb giao ti\u1ebfp, truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c truy xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh trong CPU, cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb I\/O. M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01a1n tru, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

Computer Architecture l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m (CPU), b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Trong \u0111\u00f3, KTMT kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh-1\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/strong> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh, x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/h2>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t KTMT c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sau:<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m (CPU)<\/h3>\n

B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m (CPU – Central Processing Unit) l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. CPU c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o” c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n, logic v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh-2\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

CPU trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (CU – Control Unit) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc logic (ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit). B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau, trong khi ALU th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 logic.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a CPU \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng xung nh\u1ecbp (GHz), v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00f5i (cores). M\u1ed9t CPU m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u00e1y t\u00ednh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhanh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111a nhi\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a CPU c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c CPU t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb (RAM, ROM)<\/h3>\n

B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 RAM (Random Access Memory) v\u00e0 ROM (Read-Only Memory). RAM l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y. RAM c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i dung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1eaft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111a nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh-3\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ROM l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u1eaft m\u00e1y. ROM th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 BIOS, gi\u00fap kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ROM kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp\/xu\u1ea5t (I\/O) trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp\/xu\u1ea5t (I\/O – Input\/Output) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u bao g\u1ed3m b\u00e0n ph\u00edm, chu\u1ed9t, m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed3m m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh, m\u00e1y in, loa,… c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c cung c\u1ea5p k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh-4\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb I\/O \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb I\/O. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng I\/O s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

Bus h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/h3>\n

Bus h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/strong>, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 CPU, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb I\/O v\u1edbi nhau. Bus \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 “\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c” truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Bus h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: bus d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, bus \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, v\u00e0 bus \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh-5\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

Bus d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, bus \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ea7n truy xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 bus \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a bus h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Bus c\u00e0ng nhanh v\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i KTMT c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann<\/h3>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc John von Neumann v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945. Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 CPU truy xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn Von Neumann” (Von Neumann bottleneck) do CPU ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb cung c\u1ea5p l\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh-6\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/strong> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard<\/h3>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bus ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap CPU c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang, n\u01a1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp song song v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

\"kien-truc-may-tinh-7\"<\/picture><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (microcontroller) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann v\u00e0 Harvard n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n